Legislative Oversight of Emergency Executive PowersIn times of war, disease or other extraordinary conditions, each state authorizes its governor to declare a state of emergency. Once an emergency has been declared, executive powers expand until the emergency ends. These powers include authority normally reserved for legislatures, such as the ability to suspend existing statutes or effectively create new laws—albeit temporarily and only as needed to respond to the emergency situation.
Although governors need to be able to respond to emergencies quickly, legislatures have an important role in making sure these powers are not abused or undermine the separation of powers vital to our democratic system of government. Legislatures exercise several types of checks on state executives' emergency authority in ways that vary between states. However, some common features exist.
Statutes defining executive authority during an emergency cannot be modified by executive order. Kind of like the fictional rule that a genie’s lamp can’t be used to wish for more wishes, governors can’t promulgate emergency rules that grant themselves authority beyond the statutory limits, even if they otherwise have the power to temporarily alter statutes. As a result, legislatures have the authority to legislate firm limits on emergency executive power. Several states impose specific limits on the exercise of emergency powers. Common restrictions include prohibiting governors from limiting freedom of the press or confiscating citizens' firearms. Additionally, constitutional limits on state authority and any guaranteed rights remain in full effect during an emergency.
Legislatures may retain the power to nullify an emergency proclamation by a resolution. In most cases, it takes a simple majority vote of both chambers. In Louisiana, an emergency declaration may be terminated by a resolution of either chamber. State laws may grant legislatures even greater oversight power by requiring legislative approval for an emergency to continue beyond a specified length of time. If a state's legislature is out of session during an emergency, some states will require the governor to call a special session. Alternatively, some statutes permit an interim committee or group of legislative leaders to extend or reject emergency proclamations.
The following table lists the statutes defining the legislature’s role in acting as a check on the emergency powers of the governors of every state, plus the District of Columbia, Guam, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. As this is an emerging issue, a list of pending legislation is also featured on this page, below the table of statutes.
https://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/legislative-oversight-of-executive-orders.aspxMore at:
https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/An-Assessment-of-State-Laws-Providing-Gubernatorial-Authority-to-Remove-Legal-Barriers-to-Emergency-Response.pdfhttps://www.lawfareblog.com/state-emergency-authorities-address-covid-19