Why Biden wonToday I spent some time comparing changes from 2016 to 2020 in the presidential elections. Both were highly polarized elections, but 2020 was even more so as Trump continuously engaged in highly divisive tweets and rhetoric throughout his entire time in office, constantly attacking his perceived enemies and keeping his base of fans energized. This polarization increased voter turnout among both Trump fans and his opposition. The polarization was also reflected in the reduction in third party voting (5.73% in 2016 vs. 1.84% in 2020). In the end, Biden was the beneficiary of this polarization as the election was in large part a referendum on Trump. So here's my take on why Biden won. It will do nothing to persuade those that are convinced or suspicious that Biden won due to a conspiracy of widespread voter fraud, but may be interesting to others.
First, Trump did little to enlarge his base of support after 2016. The national vote for Trump in 2016 was 46.09% and in 2020 was 46.86%. Trump increased his vote percentages from 2016 to 2020 among Republicans (from 90% to 94%) and conservatives (from 81% to 85%) and Biden increased his support, compared to Clinton in 2016, among Democrats (from 89% to 94%) and liberals (from 84% to 89%). These numbers reflect the hardening of base support for both candidates due to the increase in polarization—but the numbers that were key to Biden's win lie elsewhere.
Voters who identify as Independents:
Independents in 2016: Trump - 47% / Clinton - 41%
Independents in 2020: Trump - 41% / Biden - 54%
Voters who identify as moderates:
Moderates in 2016: Trump - 41% / Clinton - 52%
Moderates in 2020: Trump - 34% / Biden - 64%
Among the increase in voter turnout in 2020 were young voters, many of whom were first time voters. Of course, some first time voters were older voters that were energized to turnout due to the polarized environment in the country.
Voters 18 to 24 years old18 to 24 years old in 2016: Trump - 35% / Clinton - 56%
18 to 24 years old in 2020: Trump - 31% / Biden - 65%
First time votersFirst time voters in 2016: Trump - 40% / Clinton - 56%
First time voters in 2020: Trump - 32% / Biden - 64%
Trump retained his base and turned out even more of them in 2020. But the reduction of support among moderates, independents, young, and first time voters appear to be among the key reasons for his loss this year.
Biden also saw increases from 2016 to 2020 in suburbs (+5%) and rural areas (+8%). The differences in the "issue regarded as most important" to individual voters and how those votes played out in 2016 and 2020 are also worth a look.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election#Voter_demographicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election#Voter_demographics