Um, I wouldn't be so quick to say "no" on this one. Anytime you take very hot sunlight and put it through a lens which then focuses that energy to an area smaller than it originally was then you've got the "ant under the magnifying glass" effect.
I guess it would depend on the camera and the amount of exposure the chip received. A consumer camera where the chip is always exposed to give a live preview, and in addition, the chip is very small and the lens focuses the light to a much smaller point, then yes you could easily damage the chip with prolonged exposure. On a DSLR, the chip would only be exposed during the exposure (sorry to be redundant), but then as Paul said you have a greater risk of hurting your eye lining up the shot. I'm not even sure if you'd get anything than a white spot in your shot, as I doubt even the best cameras could meter or even expose correctly and it would just clip the sensor.
Just curious, why do you ask? If you're interested in taking pics of sunspots there are amateur astronomy websites that could give clearer, and safer, directions on how to view the sun with a camera.