Too much of this discussion sounds like a group of people having a serious talk about the theory of evolution, then somebody comes along and says a "theory" is only a "guess." Well, no.
When most people speak of manipulation, they don't mean pushing contrast or cropping or using reduced depth-of-field. Those are widely accepted as artifacts of the process, that don't much impinge on the reality of the subject being photographed. Even with infra-red, with visions of white trees, people are smart enough to say, "That's the reality of the view taken with film sensitive to a different wave-length of light."
When you're really talking about manipulation, most people mean changing the reality that was in front of the lens in a substantive way -- like the news guy in Iraq who merged two photos to create a third photo of a different reality (which made it look like a US soldier was threatening a young girl and her father) or when National Geographic moved a pyramid to create an impossible view. *That* kind of manipulation has nothing to with over-saturating the colors. 19th century photographers could make portraits of people and then color them, but nobody was shocked when the colors weren't perfect -- they just said, "the colors aren't perfect." They did do some serious substantive manipulation, as when they created fairies with wings, sitting under toadstools, and tried to pass them off as genuine. That kind of manipulation could almost always could be detected, including even those manipulations released by major intelligence agencies (I'm thinking of the KGB, which occasionally "subtracted" people from the review stand on Lenin's tomb.) Now, however, photo manipulation can be done so seamlessly that it changes the nature of the scene in front of the camera. I recently saw, in a photo techniques book, an example of how a boring photo (of a tumble-down barn, IIRC) could be "improved" by dropping in an unbelievable skyscape as a background. This kind of manipulation, when done well, is of an entirely different order than pushing colors or increasing temps. The scene in front of the camera never existed; the elements aren't simply adjusted, they are invented.
In the case of the OP, getting a shot of a fox isn't all that hard, if you know where to find a fox, and getting a compelling background isn't all that hard, either, but getting the two together, in a straight photo, can take forever. In the past, there was no really good solution to that problem -- but now, you can shoot a fox in a zoo, and find a nice backdrop out in the woods, and then skillfully merge the two with Photoshop...and *then* you have an integrity problem. It's not just that the photo is faked, either -- it's that reality is wounded. Since the photographer could pull this off with absolutely no knowledge of foxes, he could place a fox in a habitat in which is absolutely does not exist... If a guy shoots a fox in a compelling background, and then adjusts colors, that doesn't bother me -- I buy the argument that "It's as I remember it." I mean, why should you want everything to look as some guy at the Fuji film works wants to render it? But I don't buy the zoo/forest merger. That's a different order of problem, and one worth arguing about.
Your speaking of "evolution" is getting us closer to the truth I believe.
If I can draw an analogy to Mixed Martial Arts (and, if you'll bear with me, it will make sense in the end), the same kind of evolution is happening there. When I was in college, I took up boxing. To me, nothing was better than pure boxing. It was tremendously more complicated to become truly skillful than most people realize. A 1/2-inch difference in head movement could mean the difference between being on the floor and slipping-n-countering. With the advent of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), originally these contests were "styles" contests, where wrestlers faced karatekas, which themselves faced grapplers, which in turn faced boxers, etc. ... but ultimately there was an evolution and merger of ALL styles
into one style ... which has created a new breed of fighter today: the MMA fighter. Today's current MMA fighters are now fairly skilled at wrestling, at jiu-jitsu, at boxing, at Muay Thai, etc. ... but yet they are MASTERS OF NONE. In truth, because of his roundedness, a MMA fighter can beat a boxer, wrestler, or "pure" stylist at a "no rules" fight, BUT YET he is not as good as they are at their "pure style."
I think this exact same evolution and merger has happened in the photographic world, where computers and cameras are now becoming "one system." Together, these tools can now produce better images artistically, and yet in order to become exceptional, today's photographer has to develop a certain proficiency in
both photographic skill as well as software manipulation. AND YET, in doing so, I believe ultiamately pure prowess at photography slips a bit. The software becomes a crutch so to speak. If I can go back to my MMA analogy, MMA fighters have a certain degree of boxing skill, but because they have to learn so many other skills, they do not become as good at qua-boxing as a pure boxer. Because, if they get hurt they are trained so that they can just take the fight to the ground to clear their head. You can't do that in pure boxing
A top champion in MMA may be able to beat a pure boxer with no rules, and he does have a certain degree of boxing skills, but if he were placed in a pure boxing match with a top level boxer, he would be utterly destroyed. The MMA fighter's "crutch" of being able to go to the ground would be gone, and the TRUE MASTERY of the pure boxer would now become crystal clear in that ring.
I guess I am saying the same thing is likely happening in photography. While the combination of software/camera can now create better overall images than ever, strictly speaking pure "photographic technique" is going to suffer because of this crutch that software manipulation offers. As I have taken my own shots, and reviewed them in Live View, I literally think to myself "Well, I could lighten that up in Photoshop," or, "I can get it sharper in Photoshop," and it is my opinion that
these very thoughts are my own admission of weakness and my own use of Photoshop
as a crutch to supplement my lack of photographic skill.
I am like the MMA fighter who takes a punch, and whose pure boxing skills aren't sufficient to deal with it, and so tries to take the fight somewhere else. I can't get my lighting right, or my focus right, so I take my "image" somewhere else (to Photoshop) to see if I can "get it right" there. Thus the paradox I am trying to express here is, YES, the digital age creates many more means and many more options for us all to salvage and to create better and more diverse images, but IMO it also does so
at the expense of pure photographic skill.
So what I mean by a "master photographer" is the person who,
with his camera, takes the perfect image, not with his software.
Jack
.