With your test, there is a difference between the images with and without the profile. It is distinct with sRGB, less so with Adobe RGB(1998) and very slight with Prophoto.
Viewing the same test in Firefox, the saturation of the image with no profile seems to get progressively less saturated going from sRGB to Prophoto.
David, I've gone back and read more carefully your description of what you see, and what you are seeing in Chrome is exactly what you should expect to see with this browser. It's the same as what I'm seeing with it (on a PC, wide gamut monitor), and it has been this way for a long time, not just this latest version.
Chrome respects embedded color tags, and adjusts the colors accordingly. That's why you see a difference in the left column going down from sRGB to aRGB. You shouldn't see much further difference going down on the left to Prophoto, and it sounds like that's the case.
But Chrome does not handle untagged images the way it should; that is, what it should do is assume that any untagged image is in sRGB. (Because the vast majority of images on the web
are in sRGB, even if they don't have an embedded tag.) Instead, Chrome seems to assume that untagged images are in your monitor's space, and displays them that way. That's pretty much OK for a standard monitor, because its space is very close to sRGB anyway. But it's not OK for a wide gamut monitor, because in that case an image that is really in sRGB gets displayed as if it were in approximately aRGB. And that's why you don't see much if any difference going down the right side of the sets; they are all displayed as if they are in approximately aRGB space.
Concerning Firefox, the saturation of the images on the right should look about the same going down the column, if Firefox's settings are set correctly, because it assumes that all the untagged images in the rows are in sRGB. The right side of the bottom two rows should appear less saturated than the left side. You need to change Firefox's settings from the default for it to manage untagged images the correct way. It's easy to do; check this link for instructions:
http://www.gballard.net/firefox/. Also be sure to check out the link that I included in my post above; I think it will help you figure things out.