My experience of the Detail Extractor is that it has qualities similar to NIK's Structure slider in several filters, and NIK's Tonal Contrast filter. The closest I can think of in LR or Photoshop Proper is the Clarity slider, which can be found in the Presence section of the development module for global adjustments, and as one of the sliders in the Adjustment Brush, for local adjustments. If additional strength is needed, you can make a tiff out of the raw file and apply another dose of Clarity on top of the one in the RAW file.
But why arbitrarily decide that a "cleaner" workflow limited to LR is preferable to a supposedly "dirtier" workflow that utilizes Photoshop in addition to LR and gives you the visual effects you want, over obeying some principle concerning "efficient" workflow?