The problem, as I understand it, is that the image looked fine in soft-proofing. Only the final print exhibited the issues (abrupt colour and tonal boundaries).
Then even more info is needed before the (sorry) rant. What kind of display (wide gamut?) calibrated how? More info is needed about the profile as the preview table could be suspect or out of sync with the output table. This fellow obviously had a problem but the information provided is so little that its not clear this has anything to do with a profile. It may. But the text saying no one could figure out how to know if the image was outside the printer gamut kind of illustrates the problem solving capabilities is limited. Given enough information and samples, one could nail where the failing occurred.